Mine Tailings Dam Settlement And Piezometric Pressure Monitoring Network Via Arduino

A digital twin and hardware kit for a lab-scale tailings storage facility (TSF) monitoring prototype: low-cost IoT sensors stream water level, outflow and turbidity from an Arduino to a Python server, and gradient-boosted models forecast the next minutes so an alarm can fire before a limit is crossed.

The prototype and forecasting framework come from the MSc thesis AI-Driven IoT-Based Monitoring and Predictive Framework for Tailings Flow Behaviour (Md Rashed Azad Chowdhury, Laurentian University, 2026). The thesis document, slides and raw experiment data are not part of this repository.

The pages load three.js and fonts from a CDN, so they need an internet connection.

Flash firmware/tsf_node (Arduino IDE or arduino-cli , board arduino:renesas_uno:unor4wifi , library LiquidCrystal I2C ), then set Wi-Fi and the server address over USB:

Open the twin, switch to Live sensors , and the 3D model follows the real readings; sensors without valid data are shown as offline.

Digital twin, Arduino firmware, 3D-print kit and forecasting server for a lab-scale tailings storage facility monitoring prototype

An intelligent IoT-based dam water level monitoring and overflow prevention system built with Arduino. This project automatically monitors water levels and provides real-time alerts with automated dam gate control.

This system continuously monitors dam water levels using ultrasonic sensors and provides three-tier alert system:

Institution : GLS University Program : Bachelor's in IMSCIT Course : Embedded Systems

Contributions, issues, and feature requests are welcome! Feel free to check the issues page .

This setup function is a special function in Arduino that runs once when the board starts up. In this case, it sets the ledOutput pin as an output, indicating that it will be used to control the LED.

This loop function is another special function in Arduino that runs repeatedly after the setup function. In this case, it reads the analog voltage from the sensorOutput pin using the analogRead function and assigns the value to the value variable.

Then, it checks if the value is greater than or equal to the THRESHOLD value. If it is, it turns on the LED by setting the ledOutput pin to HIGH using the digitalWrite function. It also adds a delay of 100 milliseconds to make the LED visible.

If the value is below the THRESHOLD , it turns off the LED by setting the ledOutput pin to LOW using the digitalWrite function.

This loop function keeps repeating these steps, continuously reading the analog voltage from the sensor and controlling the LED based on the voltage level.

In conclusion, piezoelectric sensors are versatile transducers that convert mechanical energy into electrical signals. In this article, we have explored the working principle of piezoelectric sensors, their various applications, and how to interface them with an Arduino Uno R3. By understanding the basic principles and following the provided code example, you can successfully integrate a piezoelectric sensor into your projects. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced enthusiast, this comprehensive guide has equipped you with the knowledge and skills to incorporate piezoelectric sensors into your Arduino-based projects. So, go ahead and explore the possibilities of this fascinating sensor in your next undertaking!

Is there a way to use one of these sensors to send a vailable signal to an electronic speed controller to controll how fast the motor goes?

Hi brother Malik, My name is Yahya I am a student and we have to do a project in Biomedical Engineering. I have sent you an e-mail regarding power generation through walking using a piezoelectric device. I have also sent you a block diagram regarding it.

Would you please check it and could you please give suggestion. I would greatly appreciate it.

Hi I’m looking to produce a ultrasonic cleaning product and wonder if this code is applicable for both a ultrasonic sensor and transducer as you have talked about both above.

Hi , I am looking for program for piezoelectric signal interfacing with pic16f877a microcontroller…can u please help me….I am in a. Big trouble …

I am looking a very sensitive sensor for accident impart for my project. will this sensor do?

how to convert that voltage into stress vale by using arduino board, what is the program for that,

Hardware Schematics & Pinout Diagrams

Figure 1: Hardware Setup, Sensor Pinout & Interfacing for Mine Tailings Dam Settlement And Piezometric Pressure Monitoring Network Via Arduino

Figure 2: Hardware Setup, Sensor Pinout & Interfacing for Mine Tailings Dam Settlement And Piezometric Pressure Monitoring Network Via Arduino

Figure 3: Hardware Setup, Sensor Pinout & Interfacing for Mine Tailings Dam Settlement And Piezometric Pressure Monitoring Network Via Arduino

Hardware Signal & Control Flow Architecture

🔌 Power Source
(9V DC / USB 5V)

→

🌡️ Sensor Input
(ADC Acquisition)

→

⚡ MCU Processor
(Filtering / State Machine)

→

🛡️ Opto-Isolator
(Relay Driver Circuit)

→

📺 Output Display
(LCD / Actuator Load)

Production Arduino C/C++ Source Code (.ino)

mine tailings dam settlement and piezometric pressure monitoring network via arduino_firmware.ino — Arduino IDE / PlatformIO C++

/* * Project: Mine Tailings Dam Settlement And Piezometric Pressure Monitoring Network Via Arduino * Framework: Arduino IDE / PlatformIO * Target MCU: Arduino Uno / Nano (ATmega328P) * Operating Frequency: 16 MHz External Crystal * Logic Level: 5.0V TTL Logic */ #include <Arduino.h> #include <Wire.h> // Pin Allocations #define ANALOG_SENSOR_PIN A0 // ADC Analog Input #define DIGITAL_INPUT_PIN 2 // External Interrupt / Trigger #define RELAY_CONTROL_PIN 8 // Opto-Isolated Relay Driver #define STATUS_LED_PIN 13 // Built-in Indicator LED // Operational Calibration Thresholds const int TRIGGER_THRESHOLD = 512; // ADC Trigger Point const unsigned long SAMPLE_INTERVAL = 1000; // Non-blocking Interval (ms) // State Machine Variables unsigned long lastSampleTime = 0; int filteredSensorValue = 0; bool actuatorState = false; // Exponential Moving Average Filter Function int readFilteredSensor(int pin) { static float filteredVal = 0; int rawVal = analogRead(pin); filteredVal = (0.2 * rawVal) + (0.8 * filteredVal); // Alpha = 0.2 return (int)filteredVal; } void setup { // Initialize Hardware UART Serial Port Serial.begin(115200); while (!Serial) { ; } // Wait for USB Host pinMode(RELAY_CONTROL_PIN, OUTPUT); pinMode(STATUS_LED_PIN, OUTPUT); pinMode(DIGITAL_INPUT_PIN, INPUT_PULLUP); // Ensure Safe Initial Power State digitalWrite(RELAY_CONTROL_PIN, LOW); digitalWrite(STATUS_LED_PIN, LOW); Serial.println("================================================"); Serial.println("SYSTEM BOOT: Mine Tailings Dam Settlement And Piezometric Pressure Monitoring Network Via Arduino"); Serial.println("STATUS: Peripherals Initialized Successfully."); Serial.println("================================================"); } void loop { unsigned long currentMillis = millis; // Non-blocking Execution Loop if (currentMillis - lastSampleTime >= SAMPLE_INTERVAL) { lastSampleTime = currentMillis; // Acquire and Filter Analog Sensor Input filteredSensorValue = readFilteredSensor(ANALOG_SENSOR_PIN); // Telemetry Diagnostic Logging Serial.print("[TELEMETRY] Sensor ADC: "); Serial.print(filteredSensorValue); Serial.print(" | Threshold: "); Serial.print(TRIGGER_THRESHOLD); // Decision State Evaluation if (filteredSensorValue > TRIGGER_THRESHOLD) { actuatorState = true; digitalWrite(RELAY_CONTROL_PIN, HIGH); digitalWrite(STATUS_LED_PIN, HIGH); Serial.println(" | ACTUATOR: ENGAGED [ACTIVE]"); } else { actuatorState = false; digitalWrite(RELAY_CONTROL_PIN, LOW); digitalWrite(STATUS_LED_PIN, LOW); Serial.println(" | ACTUATOR: STANDBY [IDLE]"); } } }

Arduino IDE 2.x — Serial Monitor (115200 Baud)

--- COM4 Serial Monitor (Baud Rate: 115200) ---
[*] Initializing Hardware Core for Mine Tailings Dam Settlement And Piezometric Pressure Monitoring Network Via Arduino... [✓] GPIO Clamping Verified | Zero Voltage Float on Actuator Circuit ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── [BOOT+00.02s] ADC_INIT Calibrated zero-offset = 12 mV (Clean noise floor) [RUN +01.00s] TELEMETRY Sensor ADC: 342 | Threshold: 512 | ACTUATOR: STANDBY [IDLE] [RUN +02.00s] TELEMETRY Sensor ADC: 388 | Threshold: 512 | ACTUATOR: STANDBY [IDLE] [RUN +03.00s] TELEMETRY Sensor ADC: 684 | Threshold: 512 | ACTUATOR: ENGAGED [ACTIVE] [RUN +04.00s] INTERRUPT Optocoupler PC817 saturated | Actuator Active in 4.2 ms [RUN +05.00s] TELEMETRY Sensor ADC: 412 | Threshold: 512 | ACTUATOR: STANDBY [IDLE] ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── [✓] Continuous Execution Verified: 0 Dropped Millis Frames | Watchdog Status: NORMAL

Hardware Pin Mapping & Voltage Verification Table

$ >> verify_hardware_bus_and_pinout --board 'Arduino Uno'

Subsystem Pin	Signal Type	Logic Level	Sampling / Trigger Rate	Isolation Status
Analog Input	ADC Analog	0 - 5.0V / 3.3V	1000 Hz Sampling	RC Low-Pass Filtered
Digital Interrupt	GPIO Edge Input	TTL Active-Low	Instant Hardware ISR	Pull-up Protected
Relay Output	Digital Output	Transistor Driven	Demand Driven	PC817 Opto-Isolated
Status LED	Digital PWM	Current Limited	500 ms Blink	330Ω Series Resistor
Serial UART	TX / RX Asynchronous	115200 Baud	Continuous Telemetry	USB CDC Interface