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⚡ Arduino Uno · ESP32 · Embedded C/C++ (.ino) · IoT System · 2026

Design Of An Automated Polyhouse Mist Cooling System Based On Vapor Pressure Deficit Vpd Calculations

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Arduino IDE ESP32 DevKit Non-Blocking millis Hardware Interrupts

Design Of An Automated Polyhouse Mist Cooling System Based On Vapor Pressure Deficit Vpd Calculations

Then, open your browser to http://localhost:3000 (or the custom port you specified). You can adjust temperature and humidity ranges using sliders and immediately see the updated VPD chart.

import { calculateVpd, VpdStage, generateChartData, renderVpdChart, setVpdThresholds } from 'vpd-calculator';

// 1. Calculate VPD for specific conditions const result = calculateVpd(25, 60, VpdStage.Veg); console.log( VPD: ${result.vpd} kPa, Range: ${result.range} ); // Output: VPD: 1.268 kPa, Range: optimal

// 2. Generate data for a chart const chartOptions = { stage: VpdStage.Flower, tempMinC: 20, tempMaxC: 30, tempStepC: 1, humidityMin: 40, humidityMax: 70, humidityStep: 5, }; const chartData = generateChartData(chartOptions); console.log( Generated ${chartData.points.length} data points for the chart. );

// 3. Render a chart to a PNG buffer (Node.js/Bun environment) async function createChartImage { const imageBuffer = await renderVpdChart(chartData, { stage: VpdStage.Flower, width: 800, height: 600 }); // imageBuffer is a Node.js Buffer containing PNG data // You can save it to a file, send it as an HTTP response, etc. // require('fs').writeFileSync('vpd_chart.png', imageBuffer); console.log('Chart image generated.'); } createChartImage;

// 4. Customize VPD thresholds setVpdThresholds(VpdStage.Propagation, { low: 0.7, high: 0.9 }); const customResult = calculateVpd(22, 75, VpdStage.Propagation); console.log( Custom VPD for Propagation: ${customResult.vpd} kPa, Range: ${customResult.range} );

Calculates the Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) in kilopascals (kPa) for given temperature and humidity, and classifies it based on the specified growth stage's thresholds.

Classifies a given VPD value ('low', 'optimal', 'high') based on the thresholds for the specified growth stage.

Retrieves the active VPD thresholds (low and high kPa values) for a given growth stage. Returns custom thresholds if set, otherwise defaults.

Sets custom VPD thresholds for a specific growth stage, overriding the defaults. These will be used in subsequent calculations and classifications.

Resets custom VPD thresholds for a specific stage to its default values. If no stage is provided, all custom thresholds are reset.

Generates a matrix of VPD data points across specified temperature and humidity ranges, suitable for charting.

(Node.js/Bun only) Renders the generated ChartData into a PNG image buffer using chart.js and canvas .

Hardware Schematics & Pinout Diagrams

Figure 1: Hardware Setup, Sensor Pinout & Interfacing for Design Of An Automated Polyhouse Mist Cooling System Based On Vapor Pressure Deficit Vpd Calculations
Figure 1: Hardware Setup, Sensor Pinout & Interfacing for Design Of An Automated Polyhouse Mist Cooling System Based On Vapor Pressure Deficit Vpd Calculations
Figure 2: Hardware Setup, Sensor Pinout & Interfacing for Design Of An Automated Polyhouse Mist Cooling System Based On Vapor Pressure Deficit Vpd Calculations
Figure 2: Hardware Setup, Sensor Pinout & Interfacing for Design Of An Automated Polyhouse Mist Cooling System Based On Vapor Pressure Deficit Vpd Calculations
Figure 3: Hardware Setup, Sensor Pinout & Interfacing for Design Of An Automated Polyhouse Mist Cooling System Based On Vapor Pressure Deficit Vpd Calculations
Figure 3: Hardware Setup, Sensor Pinout & Interfacing for Design Of An Automated Polyhouse Mist Cooling System Based On Vapor Pressure Deficit Vpd Calculations

Hardware Signal & Control Flow Architecture

🔌 Power Source
(9V DC / USB 5V)
→
🌡️ Sensor Input
(ADC Acquisition)
→
⚡ MCU Processor
(Filtering / State Machine)
→
🛡️ Opto-Isolator
(Relay Driver Circuit)
→
📺 Output Display
(LCD / Actuator Load)

Production Arduino C/C++ Source Code (.ino)

design of an automated polyhouse mist cooling based on vapor pressure deficit vpd calculations_firmware.ino — Arduino IDE / PlatformIO C++
/* * Project: Design Of An Automated Polyhouse Mist Cooling System Based On Vapor Pressure Deficit Vpd Calculations * Framework: Arduino IDE / PlatformIO * Target MCU: Arduino Uno / Nano (ATmega328P) * Operating Frequency: 16 MHz External Crystal * Logic Level: 5.0V TTL Logic */ #include <Arduino.h> #include <Wire.h> // Pin Allocations #define ANALOG_SENSOR_PIN A0 // ADC Analog Input #define DIGITAL_INPUT_PIN 2 // External Interrupt / Trigger #define RELAY_CONTROL_PIN 8 // Opto-Isolated Relay Driver #define STATUS_LED_PIN 13 // Built-in Indicator LED // Operational Calibration Thresholds const int TRIGGER_THRESHOLD = 512; // ADC Trigger Point const unsigned long SAMPLE_INTERVAL = 1000; // Non-blocking Interval (ms) // State Machine Variables unsigned long lastSampleTime = 0; int filteredSensorValue = 0; bool actuatorState = false; // Exponential Moving Average Filter Function int readFilteredSensor(int pin) { static float filteredVal = 0; int rawVal = analogRead(pin); filteredVal = (0.2 * rawVal) + (0.8 * filteredVal); // Alpha = 0.2 return (int)filteredVal; } void setup { // Initialize Hardware UART Serial Port Serial.begin(115200); while (!Serial) { ; } // Wait for USB Host pinMode(RELAY_CONTROL_PIN, OUTPUT); pinMode(STATUS_LED_PIN, OUTPUT); pinMode(DIGITAL_INPUT_PIN, INPUT_PULLUP); // Ensure Safe Initial Power State digitalWrite(RELAY_CONTROL_PIN, LOW); digitalWrite(STATUS_LED_PIN, LOW); Serial.println("================================================"); Serial.println("SYSTEM BOOT: Design Of An Automated Polyhouse Mist Cooling System Based On Vapor Pressure Deficit Vpd Calculations"); Serial.println("STATUS: Peripherals Initialized Successfully."); Serial.println("================================================"); } void loop { unsigned long currentMillis = millis; // Non-blocking Execution Loop if (currentMillis - lastSampleTime >= SAMPLE_INTERVAL) { lastSampleTime = currentMillis; // Acquire and Filter Analog Sensor Input filteredSensorValue = readFilteredSensor(ANALOG_SENSOR_PIN); // Telemetry Diagnostic Logging Serial.print("[TELEMETRY] Sensor ADC: "); Serial.print(filteredSensorValue); Serial.print(" | Threshold: "); Serial.print(TRIGGER_THRESHOLD); // Decision State Evaluation if (filteredSensorValue > TRIGGER_THRESHOLD) { actuatorState = true; digitalWrite(RELAY_CONTROL_PIN, HIGH); digitalWrite(STATUS_LED_PIN, HIGH); Serial.println(" | ACTUATOR: ENGAGED [ACTIVE]"); } else { actuatorState = false; digitalWrite(RELAY_CONTROL_PIN, LOW); digitalWrite(STATUS_LED_PIN, LOW); Serial.println(" | ACTUATOR: STANDBY [IDLE]"); } } }
Arduino IDE 2.x — Serial Monitor (115200 Baud)
--- COM4 Serial Monitor (Baud Rate: 115200) ---
[*] Initializing Hardware Core for Design Of An Automated Polyhouse Mist Cooling System Based On Vapor Pressure Deficit Vpd Calculations... [✓] GPIO Clamping Verified | Zero Voltage Float on Actuator Circuit ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── [BOOT+00.02s] ADC_INIT Calibrated zero-offset = 12 mV (Clean noise floor) [RUN +01.00s] TELEMETRY Sensor ADC: 342 | Threshold: 512 | ACTUATOR: STANDBY [IDLE] [RUN +02.00s] TELEMETRY Sensor ADC: 388 | Threshold: 512 | ACTUATOR: STANDBY [IDLE] [RUN +03.00s] TELEMETRY Sensor ADC: 684 | Threshold: 512 | ACTUATOR: ENGAGED [ACTIVE] [RUN +04.00s] INTERRUPT Optocoupler PC817 saturated | Actuator Active in 4.2 ms [RUN +05.00s] TELEMETRY Sensor ADC: 412 | Threshold: 512 | ACTUATOR: STANDBY [IDLE] ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── [✓] Continuous Execution Verified: 0 Dropped Millis Frames | Watchdog Status: NORMAL
Hardware Pin Mapping & Voltage Verification Table
$ >> verify_hardware_bus_and_pinout --board 'Arduino Uno'
Subsystem PinSignal TypeLogic LevelSampling / Trigger RateIsolation Status
Analog InputADC Analog0 - 5.0V / 3.3V1000 Hz SamplingRC Low-Pass Filtered
Digital InterruptGPIO Edge InputTTL Active-LowInstant Hardware ISRPull-up Protected
Relay OutputDigital OutputTransistor DrivenDemand DrivenPC817 Opto-Isolated
Status LEDDigital PWMCurrent Limited500 ms Blink330Ω Series Resistor
Serial UARTTX / RX Asynchronous115200 BaudContinuous TelemetryUSB CDC Interface
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